Friday, June 23, 2023

The Start of a Mosaic

It's been kind of wild since the last post. We've had many days of air quality alerts, most of which have been for excessive surface ozone, a byproduct of smoke and sunlight and "normal" air pollution. Smoke at times thickened to concentrations similar to what was seen earlier on the East Coast. It wasn't healthy at all; hospitals reported a surge of people with breathing difficulty.

The air quality did improve for a bit and I was able to get out and do a little imaging. In fact, I managed to start one of my learning projects!

One item on my to-image list is a mosaic of the Veil Nebula that spans both the east and west sides. The Veil isn't immense like Barnard's Loop, but it's large enough to require something like a 250mm lens to fit it all in a single frame. My FSQ-106 has a focal length of 530mm and it really needs something like a 2x3 mosaic to encompass the Veil. That's 6 frames, and at about 2 hours exposure time for each it will make a good summertime project that could last into September.

Despite the ever-present smoke I was able to collect the data for subframe 1 which includes most of the East Veil (NGC 6992) and the Network Nebula (NGC 6995): left click the image below, then right click the enlarged image and choose "Open Image in New Tab" to see the image at 1/2 scale:

 


 

For fun, here's a try at a starless version using StarNet2 in PixInsight:


 

This is LRGB with all exposures 120s, L = 20 lights, R = 11, G = 12, and B = 12.

I think I dark-clipped this a little in my processing haste, but it will get another processing eventually.  Here it is tucked into its place in the eventual mosaic:


 
6995 is in the overlap area between subframes 1 and 3. The next target will be subframe 3 to complete the Eastern Veil and give me some practice using PixInsight to create a mosaic.

Some other tidbits from this too-rare night of imaging:
  • The QHY-5II guide scope was flawless with over two hours of guiding without a single disconnect. It really does need USB3, it seems. 
  • Not only that, but tracking errors were limited to 2 frames in 58. A rate of 1 bad frame in 29 is a lot better than the 1 in 6 that I had experienced earlier this year.
  • NINA's Advanced Sequencer finished subframe 1 and started subframe 3 imaging without any attention on my part. This was the first time I had tried this. I wasn't willing to do another two to 3 hours of imaging so I reluctantly shut it down at that point.
  • More NINA: Its mosaic feature is nicely integrated into the Framing Assistant and sets up the Advanced Sequencer for all the subframes with simplicity.
  • Even More NINA: If you want to use the Framing Assistant with images while you're someplace without Internet, go to the NINA download page and grab the Offline Sky Map Cache file (2 GB) It replaces the existing cache folder AppData >  Local > NINA > Framing Assistant Cache. Don't forget to change the Framing Assistant Screen's Image Source setting to Offline Sky Map! Incidentally, installing this allows you to zoom out and use Framing Assistant like a (rather strange) planetarium.
  • I seem to have gotten the hang of PI Deconvolution. I don't know why it was so temperamental before, but the key seems to be in the Deringing settings. A Global dark of 0.03 to 0.02 seems to work well, with Global bright typically between zero and 1/2 of Global dark.
 

Monday, June 12, 2023

Smoke and the June New Moon; A Couple of Things Fixed (maybe)

This week would be a prime time for heading out to Lac qui Parle state park for some dark sky imaging. But there's some serious smoke action ruining that plan. Here's what the smoke looks like from space.

The location of Lac qui Parle State Park is given by the red dot

Fortunately for the health of people in the Dakotas and western Minnesota it's all far above the ground and the air we breathe. 

This is a blue light satellite image from late in the day of 12 June. Both Dakotas are under multiple smoke decks; you can see the layering across western Minnesota where each layer casts a shadow onto the layer beneath it. The eastern edge of the smoke is slowly pushing eastward. 

 I can't say I'm confident this will clear out during the coming new moon weekend of 16-18 June. Western Canada continues to burn.

It's already complicated trying to forecast clouds and adding smoke makes it all the more difficult. Clear or cloudy? Transparent or murky? The decision to travel an hour or more to a dark sky location has become an exercise in nowcasting.

In some ways this is much the same as a cloud deck. It may not be opaque, but the extinction is formidable. In the image below of north central south dakota you can see contrails at flight level casting shadows onto the smoke!


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Two issues may have been resolved last night. The glitchy behavior of my QHY5LII guide camera was absent with the USB cable connected to a USB3 port, and I got a beautiful PHD2 calibration after I turned off the mount's PEC. This has not been a problem in the past, so I wonder if the PEC file become corrupt while it sat unused this winter. It's going to stay off until I have a chance to retrain the mount.

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I've also learned how to use NINA to acquire images for mosaics, and have set up a file to perform a six-panel mosaic of the Veil Nebula. The first two panels will complete the East Veil.


Tuesday, May 30, 2023

Opening Night, 2023 (M44 & NGC 6823)

Basically, my first attempt at using a state park failed. Not because of the park. It was the weather, of course. And smoke. There's not much advantage to imaging from a dark sky site when the transparency is severely reduced by a layer of heavy smoke. The camping reservations for the May new moon were canceled and I'll try again in June. 

Last night the smoke relented and even though it was a first quarter moon I got some imaging done from the club's Eagle Lake observatory site. There was time for only two targets, M44 and NGC 6823. As expected there were some rough spots, but I think some things were learned, too.

NINA

Nina  had one glitch and one nice feature I was using for the first time.

I could not get NINA's advanced sequencer to accept multiple targets; Trying to add M76 to M44 resulted in two entries for M44. I'm fairly sure I had forgotten some necessary step as this had worked before.

The NINA manual rotator worked wonderfully and let me get the images properly framed by hand. It took only a few adjustments to get within the "good enough" orientation range.

PHD2

I initially had the scope slew due south to the celestial equator for calibration. Under normal circumstances during calibration you'll see PHD nudge the mount first in one direction and then back to the starting point, then do the same along a line perpendicular to the first direction. While doing the second line it wandered a bit before doing as expected. PHD let me know it wasn't happy; at the conclusion of calibration it announced that the calibration was suspect. The mount had been polar aligned, balanced, and so far as I could see no cables were dragging, so it's a mystery to explore next time. 

Evidently the guiding calibration was good enough, as it kept the stars round in most frames.

Periodically guiding would go badly off in both RA and Dec, producing bad stars. I suspect cable snagging, but maybe it's related to the calibration issue? Either way, it's going to be something to look out for next time.

Guide Camera

I started the evening using a QHY5L-II-M guide camera, a finicky little device. Last night it frequently stopped so I swapped it out for my ancient Starshoot Autoguider. The SSAG is not terribly sensitive, but it works!

Past experience with the 5L, powered by the USB connection, suggests it's picky about the input voltage. Last night I connected through one of the convenient USB2 ports on my ASI 2600. Next time it's going to straight to a USB3 port on my Pegasus Powerbox. Maybe that will clean up its act?

Mount balancing

Confession time: While I do always try to balance the mount, I don't generally practice "east heavy" imbalance. That's going to change after last night. Initially with "near-perfect balance" tracking was only so-so. Restarting with the mount rebalanced to be east heavy significantly improved tracking, just as everyone says. If only I would pay attention

Now the images... These are preliminary processing results: neither makes use of deconvolution or sharpening. Both images were acquired the night of first quarter moon, with only about 25 degrees between the moon and M44.


M44 

M44 is one of those objects that in my opinion is best imaged by a system that gives the stars diffraction spikes. The spikes can provide a sense of separation between the cluster and the field stars that simulates the visual impression this big cluster has in a wide-field scope. I know there's software that can add spikes, but that kind of "artistic" modding is not something I want to do.

[ Details: ASI 2600 mono ccd, Takahashi FSQ-106 @ f/5, 11x60s for each channel of RGB. Image resized to about 20% of full scale. If you look along the lower edge left of center you'll see my master flats from 2022 are obsolete.]

This result suggests that an RGB imaging scheme of 12x60s for each channel may be adequate for quick imaging of bright open clusters, and that 60s exposures are short enough to preserve star color. 

Next is NGC 6823:

 
NGC 6823 (and NGC 6820 if you know where to look)

NGC 6823 is a combination open cluster and bright nebula. The cluster is 7 arcminutes in diameter (about 1/10th the size of M44) so this is a test of what some of the smaller clusters in the Astronomical League's Open Open Cluster list may look like if I use the same camera and optics to image the list.

Can you tell 6823 is in Vulpecula? Look at all the stars, and how those stars are driven to red near-extinction by their light scattering through light years of interstellar gas and dust. 

[There is some confusion around 6823 and 6820, with 6820 often referred to as the emission nebula around 6823 (see The Night Sky Observer's Guide Volume 2, for example). This doesn't agree with the definition of 6820 being a reflection nebula. If you look a plate solve of the 6823 area, you'll see 6820 is centered around a small blue nebula well offset from the cluster of stars within 6823. This is also where SIMBAD puts it. You can barely see it in my much-reduced image as a tiny smudge just outside the upper left quadrant of the emission nebula. My color calibration doesn't get 6820's color correct.]

[ Details: ASI 2600 mono ccd, Takahashi FSQ-106 @ f/5, 21x60s blue + 20x60s green + 19x60s red. Image resized to about 40% of full scale.]

Those light frame counts tell you that I lost 12 frames out of 72. That's 1 frame in 6 and clearly is not adequate.

And what's next? Waiting for a clear night. What I'd like to see is how a full moon affects open cluster imaging. And when it's new moon time again, the boring spring sky will be at least partially replaced by the sky of summer.


Tuesday, May 2, 2023

Starting Imaging for 2023

[Note added 5/18/2023: The weather and smoke from Canadian fires led me to cancel this first attempt at state park imaging. I'll try again for the June new moon, if not sooner.] 

Here comes Spring! (I hope.) The May new moon is on the 19th, so I'm gearing up for this as a warm-up for using state parks this year in lieu of going to the Nebraska Star Party. The first "expedition" to a remote in-state site will have some fairly simple targets for refreshing my skills with NINA and all the hardware.

Before Midnight: 

  • M44 (open cluster; big and bright, AL list member)
  • M67 (open cluster; sort of a toned-down, more compact version of M44, AL List member)
  • Collinder 463 (open cluster, AL List Member)

After Midnight:

  • IC 4756 (open cluster)
  • NGC 6633 (open cluster, same field of view as IC 4756, AL List member)
  • NGC 6823 (bright nebula and open cluster, AL List member) 
  • NGC 6882/6885 (open cluster and AL List member)
  • NGC 6940 (open cluster)

I'm tempted to use my 200mm lens for IC 4756 and NGC 6633 to put them in the same field. It would make a pretty picture and look like this (per Stellarium) and might remind one of the well-known double cluster of NGCs 869 & 884.


This might make a pretty picture is reminiscent of the well-known double cluster of NGC 869 & 884. 

This long list assumes I'll have clear sky, which is doubtful in Minnesota in May. (Mid May sky is clear only about 1/3 of the time.)

One part of this exercise is finding a set of minimum exposures for imaging open clusters. The goal isn't super pretty pictures, but only passable images that capture the essence of the clusters. Yes, I'm still thinking about doing the AL Open Cluster list by imaging. I'd like to image them all using the same system and if possible the same exposures. I'm not sure if that's even possible, but it's worth a try.

The field of view of my FSQ and ASI is big enough for the largest clusters on the list, but the small clusters may get lost. Some are only 3 arcminutes across!

I'm going drop use of the L filter and use only short exposure RGB frames, perhaps 12x60s per channel for a start with dithering every 4th frame or so. I hope that keeps the brighter stars from saturating and still gives me enough sensitivity to harvest the dimmer stars.

The other thing I'd like to become proficient at is setting up NINA for multi-target sessions. Last year I fumbled around quite a bit with unnecessary slewing, centering, and autofocusing. 

And if by some miracle there's more than one clear night I'll finally test my ability to do solar power recharging in the field.

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The winter watch hobby is not shutting down entirely as the weather warms. I did attend a watch-enthusiast's show and swap meet, but it was a bit of a disappointment. About 4/5 of the tables were dedicated to modern (new) wristwatches and their collectors. That's not really my area of interest, so it was a short visit. I'll have to search somewhere else for inspiration.


Sunday, March 19, 2023

A Wristwatch for Astronomy?

Let's take a short break from the Gandhi watch. It's currently being cranky--or at least its keyless works are. (Just so you know, the keyless works are the parts that enable the watch stem to wind the watch and adjust the time. They're nasty complicated and vary in design possibly more than any other part of old watches.) 

Today's question is: What do I really want out of a watch? And let me be specific, a watch that I would use, particularly during my summer hobby of astrophotography. 

I already have a quartz wristwatch and a cell phone. Both are great at giving me the time with wonderful accuracy. The phone is kind of clunky for that, though; the quartz watch is small and nice to look at during daylight but lacks the charm of a wrist-winding timepiece.

Mechanical watches of course have their own shortcomings. Accuracy isn't quartz-like; A modern hand-winder will probably have time errors of up to 10 seconds or so each day. I know, how horrible--in a week's time it may be off by a whole minute! You also won't get anything fancy like an electroluminescent display or Bluetooth compatibility, nor will it accept your calls or fetch email. 

What I want from a watch is readability at night and the ability to tell me when a certain time interval has passed. Accuracy is not terribly important because I want it to indicate approximately when an interval of only ten or twenty minutes has passed; an error of even a few seconds is acceptable. The timing error I mentioned above, 10 seconds per day, is equivalent to about 0.07 seconds per ten minutes. That's far better than I need!

I hit the wonderful age of 70 this summer (chocolate cake is preferred if you absolutely must get one) and my eyes are not what they used to be. I have some difficulty with visual acuity when using monochrome red light. So a big watch face with large numerals is a plus. And those numerals should have good contrast with the dial face. The same applies to the hour and minute hands. 

Chance and the cyclic nature of fads have combined to stage a rebirth of large watch movements with equally large faces. There are a wide variety of designer watch faces for these, so it's easy to find a face with large, luminous numbers. For the same reason wide luminous hands are readily available.

You may be wondering why I care so little about accuracy. Most astrophotography is highly automated now even for those of us who haul our gear to remote sites. Best Practice is to sit and watch over it, much like keeping your hands on the steering wheel of a Tesla in Autopilot mode because you just never know when it's going to do something bad. And if you image, you know something bad will happen because it always does. Granted, not driving off the road bad, but bad enough. So you want to be there when it happens, ready to jump in and start mashing keys and flinging the mouse cursor around in a mad attempt to get it all running again.

The reality is that this "Best Practice" stuff is not Fun. Actually, it's more like mind-numbing. There are other things to do that at least resemble fun, if fun can be had sitting around in the dark at 2 A.M. Allow me to suggest alternatives to Best Practice...

Usually there are other imagers around who you can talk to, even if it's only an excuse to eyeball their gear and incoming light frames of some obscure NGC object. You can tell them you also imaged NGC-whatever years ago and while their image will probably be "nice," it will look "better" after 40 or so hours of intense processing with whatever expensive software you use and they don't have.

Also, god forbid, there may be some visual people around looking at stuff with their eyes. You might grow nostalgic for your pre-imaging days when all galaxies were fuzzy little balls of lint barely brighter than the background sky. You might even be moved to ask for a peek at what they've got in the eyepiece. They will, of course, oblige, since it gives them the opportunity to comment on how they once considered imaging but decided it was too much work (true) and that wow, your laptop is kind of bright (not true, but that's visual people for you). At which point you are free to amble off and bother someone else.

It's also possible some of the non-imaging, non-observing public is wandering around. Because you're experienced you know how to say "Sorry, I'm Imaging" with a tone of voice both condescending and full of menace. By those three simple words you'll convey to them that they can't possibly understand what you're doing and that if they touch your very expensive imaging rig it's likely you'll have to hurt them badly. Remember that in the the dark they can't see what you look like, so try to sound like you're six foot eleven and can bench press their entire family. This almost always convinces them they are free to amble off and bother someone else. If they fail to take the hint you should simply direct them to the visual people who earlier slandered your laptop.

But you can't just wander away from your imaging gear for hours of Fun unless you want hours of worthless data. You need to make periodic glances back at all that technological stuff to see if it's still working. I usually do this every ten or so minutes, so that's what the watch tells me. I suppose I could have a timer that dings when ten minutes have passed, but that would be annoying and deprive me of the chance to flash my oversized, easy to read watch for all to see and admire.

OK now, let's look at this admirable watch. It's not the same exact one I made as part of the watchmaking class I attended, but it's close. The background color on the face of mine is a darker blue; like this one it has nice big luminous numbers and hands. (The face diameter is almost 40mm, compared to the 30mm of my quartz wrist watch.) Under red light the face appears black and the contrast is superb.

There's even a second hand should I ever need to time something with a little precision. 

Note that this is a wrist watch style case. If you prefer a pocket watch to one that sits on your wrist it's possible to wrap the movement in something called a Hunter case. This provides protection for the crystal if you want to keep other things in your pocket like coins, keys, hex wrenches, bottle openers, etc.

Hunter Case 

Open Face Case


Hunter cases usually have at least two hinged covers (front and back); notice that the stem is at the 3 o'clock position. The open face case has one hinged cover on the back to protect the movement and the stem is at 12 o'clock. (Bonus factoid: o'clock is short for "of the clock.")

Hunter cases are usually opened by slightly depressing a button on the end of the stem. And unlike how every old movie shows someone closing a hunter-style pocket watch with a loud snap that is not how it's done. You should press the little button again, close the case, and release the button. Snapping it shut causes the cover latch to wear quickly; too soon you've got a case that won't stay closed.

My preference is for the open face version--it's easy to use! Ease of use is important when it's 2 A.M. and you're feeling a little tired, believe me.The wrist watch form is easy, too, but those are designed for right-handed people. If you're a "righty" and doubt that, try doing what a "lefty" does. Wear your watch on your right arm and try to wind it (or adjust the time) using your left hand. See?

Friday, March 10, 2023

Gandhi Watch continued

 Disassembling the watch revealed a couple of surprises given the watch had been "refurbished."

The basic procedure for servicing a watch is three steps: disassembly/inspection, cleaning, and reassembly/oiling. The service this watch received failed on at least two of these steps.

The most glaring problem was broken teeth on the ratchet wheel, seen in this image:

The HMT mechanical hand-wind movement is based on the Citizen 0201 design, and Citizen is said to have overseen manufacture to insure high quality. It looks like that quality control may have relaxed, given that this wheel looks as if it is stamped steel that's been thinly plated. I was able to replace this wheel using another identical movement. (This wheel mainly interacts with the click to prevent the mainspring from unwinding, so its proper function is essential.)

The refurbishment was certainly sloppy. Look at the wild amount of oil pooled under the keyless works:

There's another anomaly I noticed in the first HMT I practiced on that is repeated with the Gandhi watch. The sweep second wheel passes across the barrel bridge, and it looks as if there has been an attempt to slightly deform the bridge at the point the wheel enters over the bridge, possibly to provide greater clearance between the wheel and bridge. I have a few more HMTs and it will be interesting to see if this deformation appears in them as well.

The technician who did the refurb either missed or didn't care about the missing teeth, and really pumped in the oil. The watch does run, though, so the basic requirement is satisfied.

I've done the disassembly and reassembly without incident, but my cleaning was not adequate to remove the really baked-on gunk. Soaking in naphtha and scrubbing with  stiff nylon brush got some but not all the parts clean. I think I'm going to disassemble it again and run it through the ultrasonic cleaner, then oil and reassemble. 

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I had been hoping to attend a meeting of the Midwest Watch Club's Spring Meeting, but it was moved from March to late April. The problem that continues to be central to this hobby is the direction to go with it. Collecting watches? If that's it, should it be wristwatches or pocket watches? And should they be antique, vintage, or contemporary? Or should I take brand new modern movements and ready them for sale? 

Or make a hobby of restoring old watches to working order? This is an expensive option since it requires the purchase of expensive tools like mainspring winders, crystal fitters, and

It would be nice to get the perspectives of other watch enthusiasts.

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I've also now completed a beginner course in watch servicing offered by a local watch shop. We took a new 6497 clone movement through the three servicing steps mentioned above and put it into a case with straps. It's ready to wear and running great. It's amazing how much easier a modern movement is to work with than the designs of the early 20th Century! Except for the shockproof springs, I hate those! 😖

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Next time, the Gandhi will be back, oiled and ready, with its results from another run on the timegrapher.

Friday, January 13, 2023

Assessing the Gandhi Watch

Last time I showed you a practice watch I'd obtained, a refurbished HMT movement-based wristwatch with a picture of Gandhi on the face. I alluded to something called a timegrapher that is used to assess a movement's wellness, and today it's time to see what it says about my new watch. 

If you're not familiar with how a watch movement works, the following is a very brief summary of what makes it tick.

A watch's mainspring is a coiled band of metal that is wound around a post and the tighter it's wound the more energy it contains. That energy tensions a series of reduction gears that end with what's called a pallet. The pallet rocks back and forth in unison with the oscillation of a spring-mounted wheel called the balance. With each oscillation the pallet pushes the balance a little and gives it a bit of energy. So: mainspring stores energy, the gears and pallet transfer energy, and the balance dissipates energy via friction as it oscillates.

The balance wheel is basically a torus of metal that oscillates around the axis through its center and perpendicular to the plane of the torus. It is designed to oscillate at an exact frequency (18000 beats per hour in the case of the Gandhi watch). This causes the energy to be released from the mainspring and the reduction gears to turn at a fixed rate, thereby driving the watch hands around the face.

Now that you completely understand how a watch works (ha ha) we can continue. 

A perfect watch keeps perfect time; it has a balance wheel that oscillates at a constant frequency regardless of how the watch is oriented. Of course, no watch is perfect. The goal of servicing a watch is to find the imperfections and try to minimize them. Toward that end there's a diagnostic device called the Timegrapher:

A timegrapher includes a stand (left) that holds the watch to be assessed. It has a very sensitive microphone in it so that it can hear the workings of the watch and send that information to the display unit (center). 

This morning I put the Gandhi watch on the stand (in the face-up orientation) and put my timegrapher to work. Here are the results and a little about what they say about the watch


This will need a little decoding, so number by number here's what it says.

  1. Daily time error. It's slow by about a minute a day, which is just okay. A few seconds per day would be better. 
  2. Balance amplitude. The balance is turning through 133 degrees, which is far too small. A healthy watch turns through well over 200 degrees.
  3. Beat Error. This is a measure of the asymmetry in how the balance is being fed energy. A decent beat error is under 1ms, so this is much too large. One consequence of this error is that the watch won't start running easily, and that's what I observed--it would not start until half wound. It also means the watch may perform quite differently in different orientations.
  4. Alternating display of lift angle and beats per minute.  For this watch the lift angle has been set to 52 degrees and the unit has detected that the watch should be operating in the 18000bph mode.
  5. The daily time error during the previous sampling period of 12 seconds. 
  6. The timegrapher provides a visual summary of items 1 and 3 with sloping lines. The greater the slope the larger the error, and the amount of beat error is indicated by parallel lines some distance apart. A watch with zero beat error would show only one line.

Next I put the watch stem-up on the microphone stand 

The watch is now only 19s slow per day, but not much else has changed. (7. happens to be showing the beat rate in this image.)

Two things stand out, the terrible amplitude and large beat error. As a first guess this watch needs a good cleaning and oiling to improve the amplitude. Disassembling the watch may reveal other problems.

Next time, the Gandhi watch in pieces.

And after that, creating a watch for astrophotography.